Map of The Hague

Discussion in 'Antique Discussion' started by Marote, May 23, 2026 at 8:18 PM.

  1. Marote

    Marote Well-Known Member

  2. kentworld

    kentworld Well-Known Member

    That is a cool map! Google AI info:
    Seventeenth-century paper was a handmade, plant-based material primarily composed of fermented linen and cotton rags. To create a durable surface for writing with quill and ink, makers applied an animal gelatin size. A key compositional shift occurred in the mid-1600s with the widespread addition of alum.
    upload_2026-5-24_9-50-46.png American Institute for Conservation +4
    Seventeenth-century paper differs greatly from modern, wood-pulp-based paper. The primary components of historical rag paper included:
    upload_2026-5-24_9-50-46.png Conservatree.org
    • Fibers: The base material consisted of cellulose fibers sourced from discarded linen, hemp, and cotton textiles. Coarser plant fibers and straw were sometimes added for lower-quality or brown paper.
    • Sizing Agent: Animal hide glue (gelatin) was used to coat the sheets. This prevented writing inks from bleeding into the fibrous paper.
    • Chemical Additives: A major 17th-century innovation was the introduction of alum (potassium aluminum sulfate). Papermakers added it to the gelatin size to harden it and prevent the glue from putrefying.
    • Bleaching Agents: Because advanced chemical bleaches were unavailable, makers relied on pure water and prolonged sun-bleaching of the raw textile fibers.
      upload_2026-5-24_9-50-46.jpeg UCSB English Broadside Ballad Archive +6
    Historical Impact
    The introduction of alum improved production efficiency and mold resistance. However, it dramatically increased the acidity of the paper. This acidity contributes heavily to the "slow fires" and brittle, yellowed condition of many surviving 17th-century texts.
    upload_2026-5-24_9-50-46.png American Institute for Conservation +2
     
    komokwa and Any Jewelry like this.
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