The top one is quartz with some type of mineral inclusions.
Is the design bumped out further than the original shell diameter?
Looks like a Turkish/Ottoman Tughra.
But not all chalcedony is agate.
It could be some type of chalcedony,but it doesn't look like agate.
It is filigree, scalloped edges are made in some regions and flat edges in other regions.
The red/pink stones look like "quench crackled and dyed quartz".
The stone in the ring looks like carnelian and the lighting and focus could be better.
Plastic imitation opal probably from China.This company makes better appearing man made opal imitations ........
Can you get closeup of the pink stones,they don't look like opal.The "turquoise" looks like Chinese man made mystery stone.
Looks like one amethyst and one fluorite.
Locket,probably hundreds of them made at the time.
The front is die stamped,factory made for some type of celebration in 1888.
semi precious gemstones
The making of rubies/sapphires ..... [MEDIA]
It's the tech and materials..... http://www.thejewelleryeditor.com/watches/article/why-are-richard-mille-watches-expensive/
Mexican onyx/travertine with an Asian subject.
The stones look like agate.
The top piece appears to be Sami.
Probably made by some findings company in China/Hong Kong,just another box clasp which means little in reference to the necklace.
Separate names with a comma.
