They look like ophthalmic lens blanks,if they are would date pre 1960 and nowhere near civil war.
It's a "Torch Fired Patina", don't do anything with it.
vintage glove holder
Cesar Ugarte belt buckle art
Looks more like a Kitsune than anything NA.
Looks like a Japanese fox and very amateur finishing on the piece with saw burrs left rough.
Looks like bone.
That's your problem when using the wrong type of hammer,try this type .......... http://www.garrettwade.com/dead-blow-hammers-2.html
Southwest ,orange is shell and man made turquoise with pyrite which has a trade name I don't remember right now.
Looks more like a gunpowder flask.
It could be feldspar or a number of other minerals.
https://www.google.com/search?q=carved+scrimshaw+silver+ring&source=lnms&tbm=isch&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiRmdz_-djWAhXHhlQKHYGVDbYQ_AUICygC&biw=1426&bih=7...
Maybe it's a married ring/sizing with metal removed,shank was removed for some reason and reattached out of alignment.
Fingers in the way of the bottom photo,it is also out of focus and the shank looks out of alignment/?bad repair.Ring is maybe hand assembled,5...
It's a generic type of silver work,common in Mexico,the U.S, etc............
Student/beginner hobbyist quality(bad bezel seam,excess solder),stone/bone appears to have painted on sealer.
If the separation between the ring base and the top is as bad in person as it is in the photo, it has a bad repair and would be considered a piece...
Chinese chop/signature blanks if nothing carved on the bottom,most likely soapstone.
Die stamped rhodium plated,in the second photo it looks like the top piece of metal has separated and maybe a bad solder seam(blurry photo).
The bowl was probably cut in Idar Oberstein Germany or someplace in Italy,the photos of the faceted stones are too blurry to tell anything but...
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