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<p>[QUOTE=&quot;2manybooks, post: 2963012, member: 8267&quot;]taken from: <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/burialcustoms/cartonnage.html" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/burialcustoms/cartonnage.html" rel="nofollow">https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/burialcustoms/cartonnage.html</a></p><p><br /></p><p>&quot;There are four principal periods of use of cartonnage, each with distinct ingredients and effects:</p><ol> <li>In the early Middle Kingdom, <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/burialcustoms/mummymask.html" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/burialcustoms/mummymask.html" rel="nofollow">mummy masks</a> might be made from plastered linen; by the mid-Twelfth Dynasty workshops were producing longer masks covering the upper body, and there were eventually mummy-cases (in wood) enveloping the whole body.</li> <li>In the Third Intermediate Period the innermost coffin of elite burials was replaced by a mummy-case made in cartonnage (linen and stucco). These mummy-cases, often also simply called &#039;cartonnages&#039; were brightly painted. They are no longer in use by the Late Period.</li> <li>In the Ptolemaic Period, from the reign of <a href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/chronology/ptolemyiii.html" target="_blank" class="externalLink ProxyLink" data-proxy-href="https://www.ucl.ac.uk/museums-static/digitalegypt/chronology/ptolemyiii.html" rel="nofollow">Ptolemy III</a>, to the very beginning of the Roman Period, perhaps no later than the reign of Augustus, cartonnage elements and masks were produced from old papyrus scrolls; during this period, many masks and elements were also being produced with linen in place of papyrus</li> <li>In the Roman Period mummy masks and decorated pieces placed on the mummies were being produced from thicker fibrous material supporting a thicker layer of plaster.&quot;</li> </ol><p><br /></p><p>I am not clear on the distinction they are making between &quot;plaster&quot; and &quot;stucco&quot;. But your fragment seems to be made on a woven fabric (presumably linen), rather than on reused papyrus, so it may be pre-Ptolemaic, (assuming it is a genuine artifact).[/QUOTE]</p><p><br /></p>

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