Featured Silver, brooch, horseshoe. Definition of hallmarks.

Those marks are assay marks, so tax marks. They were punched on finished pieces, otherwise the assayer didn't know how much tax should be paid on the piece.

 

And yet the clasp indicates the maker thought it should pin points down (the opposite of what Stepan has in the photo)? I've seen points down as more the way to hang lintel shoes though. The Internet seems to have a plethora of theories on correct direction so no telling why they made it that way...